Developing World Class Schools and Graduates
With the turning of the calendar to the month of June, most of us are ready for summer. I want to wish you and your families a restful, uneventful break from the hectic pace you have put in this year.
I will be here all summer posting the latest events taking place in education. You can receive regular updates by simply “Subscribing” on the right hand side of this homepage. I will be posting new events twice a week.
In the meanwhile, enjoy your well-deserved rest.
Franklin
The economy’s problems include high unemployment, mediocre productivity gains and stagnant or slow-growing earnings for most income classes. While the state of the economy is far from ideal, there are some positives signs. America is in the process of continuing to recover from a deep recession.
The nation’s high school graduation rate has risen “” to 78 percent in 2010. the Education Department says in its most recent estimate. It’s the highest figure since 1974. (For a long time, the rate was under 70 percent. After decades of stagnation, the graduation rate started to turn up in 2000, and the growth has been robust for more than a decade.) On average, these additional high school graduates “” not to mention college degree recipients “” will find better jobs and enjoy better health, long-lasting benefits that will be reaped for many decades.
To those of you who regularly read this blog know that a number of people and organizations have contributed blogs: I have made comments dealing with classroom management which have been picked up by :https://howiloveandenjoymyteachingjob.blogspot.com/2013/03/tips-from-teachers-on-classroom.html
Teachers say that managing a classroom takes at least 50% of their time.
For those of you who do not regularly receive updates, you can subscribe to this website by registering your email on the homepage on the right hand side where it says “Subscribe”.
The Chicago Board of Education voted to close 50 neighborhood schools.
I have difficulty understanding how closing of 50 schools at one time ““ the largest school closing in American history””will improve learning conditions better for low-income, inner-city students. At best, it will save pennies in an estimated shortfall of between $665 million and $1 billion. It will destabilize up to 30,000 students and making many of them cross into vicious gang territory to attend rival schools. It will increase student’s travel time on buses, trains for up to two hours of traveling. It will cause some students to walk longer distances, especially difficult during Chicago’s bitter winters. It would not promote good student attendance or safety. It will increase class size to over 30 students. The African-American community will bare 90 percent of the burden of the budget cuts.
Under the closure plan, 14 “closing” schools will remain open and so-called “welcoming” schools will be closed. For example, Sexton School is closing but nearby Fiske School is not. But Sexton has a bigger building than Fiske, so Fiske will actually be the school that is shuttered and Sexton will be renamed Fiske. In essence, the students at Fiske will have to relocate to Sexton’s building, though the name of the school will be Fiske and the teachers from Fiske will have priority for the jobs. The former students of Sexton will stay in their physical school building but be told that they are now at a new school called Fiske. The schools chief Barbara Byrd-Bennett did promise that students at closing schools would be transferred to higher performing schools. Both Fiske and Sexton are rated as having “Average” student growth, though both schools are rated “Far Below Average” for student performance.
I am not fighting to keep all schools in Chicago open. Some low-performing schools should be closed! But closing so many schools at one time doesn’t make sense. Mayor Rahm Emanuel’s has done some positive things into Chicago like creating a longer school day; this move to close so many schools isn’t one of them.
Myron Tribus was my mentor and teacher and so when a mutual friend wrote this, I asked Marion for permission to republish this. I suggest that you look up Myron in Google and while you are at it, visit https://www.marionbrady.com.
This was written by Marion Brady, veteran teacher, administrator, curriculum designer and author.
By Marion Brady
If you fly, thank Myron Tribus for helping make your flight safer. He played a major role in the development of the equipment that keeps airliner wings free of ice.
Myron was a captain in the Army Air Force during World War II. Later, he was a gas turbine design engineer for General Electric, dean of Dartmouth College’s Thayer School of Engineering, senior vice president for research & engineering for Xerox, an author of scientific papers and books, director of the Center for Advanced Engineering Study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and co-founder of Exergy, Inc.
What brought Myron from California to my house in Florida for three days many years ago was our shared concern about what kids were and weren’t being taught. We both believed that the traditional curriculum hadn’t adapted to the 20th Century “” much less the 21st “” and that the reforms being promoted by business interests and politicians weren’t just making the situation worse but blocking real reform.
Myron agreed with me that deciding what knowledge is most important, andusing systems theory to simplify the organization of that knowledge, were logical first steps in real education reform, and that’s what we talked about.
I’ve stopped thinking I’ll live to see those ideas being taken seriously. Today’s reformers take it for granted that what was taught in the past is fine for the future, and their ideas about the organization of knowledge begin and end with the simplistic, knowledge-fragmenting “Common Core State Standards.” The latest evidence is the just-released report from a committee chaired by Condoleezza Rice and Joel Klein titled, “U.S. Education Reform and National Security.”
That said, I can’t bring myself to simply walk away from the educational catastrophe that’s been unfolding since the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Business Roundtable, the American Legislative Exchange Council, and other rightwing groups took control of education policy in the 1980s and pulled the rest of the political spectrum with them. Concern for the educations of my nine great-grandchildren, for their children, and for their children’s children, won’t let me desert the field.
I’ve got a modest proposal. No Child Left Behind, and now Race to the Top, have made standardized tests the sole measure of educational quality. What makes those kinds of tests acceptable is the ridiculous notion that machines can measure brains, but the campaign to discredit teacher judgment of student performance has been so successful there’s no going back. Standardized tests are here to stay. Attacks on them are dismissed as lame efforts by teachers to avoid being held accountable.
Manufactured tests, then, must be accepted, but must be made to do good rather than harm. The practice of testing what’s taught is out the window. Now, what gets tested is what gets taught, so the simplest, most direct way to improve what’s taught is to improve the tests.
Arne Duncan, U.S. secretary of education, says kids need to be taught “higher order” thinking skills. If teachers teach to tests, and standardized test items require the use of higher order thinking skills, those skills will be taught.
I propose that all standardized tests test higher order thinking skills.
What, exactly, are “thinking skills?” Asked, most professional educators will make lists something like the one below. They’ll also generally agree that every skill on the list except the first one””recalling””is a higher order thought process.
Recalling
Classifying
Applying
Inferring
Hypothesizing
Generalizing
Relating
Synthesizing
Valuing
Science test question: “You’ve studied some of the ways that plants and animals have evolved to protect themselves from harm. Which of the following five ways is NOT a self-protection strategy?”
To answer, the test taker just has to remember something read or heard. That’s recalling, and it’s not a higher order thinking skill.
Science test question: “You’ve studied some of the ways that plants and animals have evolved to protect themselves from harm. Choose one of those self-protection strategies and explain how it could be adapted to protect convenience store clerks from harm.”
To answer, the test taker has to put an idea that’s been learned to practical use. That’s applying, and it’s a higher order thinking skill.
History test question: We’ve been studying big ideas called “˜shared assumptions’ that help hold human societies together. In the spaces provided, list four of those assumptions.”
To answer, the test taker just has to remember something read or heard. That’s recalling, and it’s not a higher order thinking skill.
History test question: “We’ve been studying big ideas called “˜shared assumptions’ that help hold human societies together. Below is a copy of a page from the 1777 New England Primer that uses two-line verses based on the Bible to teach the letters of the alphabet. Based on the verses, what assumption about basic human nature seems to have been shared by 18th Century Puritans?”
To answer, the test taker has to draw inferences from the verses. Inferring is a higher order thinking skill.
If higher order thinking skills are tested, teachers will teach them. Those who don’t know how will quickly learn.
Of course, Pearson, McGraw-Hill, Educational Testing Service, and other test manufacturers aren’t going to volunteer to test student-initiated higher order thinking skills. Neither are the politicians they help elect and re-elect going to make them even try to do so unless they think voters give them no alternative.
So voters should give them no alternative. Unless politicians and test manufacturers can make a convincing case for not teaching the young to think, they should be told what they’ve been telling teachers who say standardized tests are a waste of time and money: “No excuses!”
It’s likely that nothing short of binding agreements between states and test manufacturers will yield the new tests. To that end, in appropriate legal language, contracts should make clear that (a) every test question in every subject will evaluate a particular, named thinking skill, (b) every test will evaluate a balanced mix of all known thinking skills, and (c) a panel of experts not connected to test manufacturers or politicians will preview all test items to assure contract compliance. No excuses.
Fairtest, Parents Across America, United Opt Out National, and other state and local organizations have strategies in place to try to persuade. Petitions and referendums invite signers. Parents, grandparents “” indeed, all who care about kids and country “” should get on board.
No more multimillion dollar checks for tests that no one but manufacturers are allowed to see. No more tests the pass-fail cut scores of which can be raised and lowered to make political points. No more kids labeled and discarded, every one with a brain wired to do all sorts of amazing things. If storing trivia in short-term memory doesn’t happen to be one of those things, that shouldn’t put them out of school and on the street.
Postscript: Myron hasn’t been well for a long time, so we haven’t talked in years. I last saw him at his 80th birthday party. A documentary film crew from Russia was there. When I asked why, they said that in Russian scientific circles, Myron was a hero.
He’s also one of my heroes””a genuine genius who understood the absolutely critical role that school curricula play in promoting and maintaining societal well-being, and dedicated his pre-illness retirement years to trying to improve it.
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While cheating among students is recognized as part of the educational process, cheating by educators is neither expected nor accepted. Since the institution of high stakes testing, educators cheating has become an issue.
In El Paso, Texas, a third school district has acknowledge that there had been cheating in order to meet federal accountability measures. An outside audit of the San Elizario Independent School District revealed that several students’ credits were manipulated and students were reclassified inappropriately into different grade levels.
A former El Paso School Superintendent, Lorenzo Garcia is in federal prison for devising a similar scheme.
Teachers “˜dropout” at higher rates than students’ dropout. The teacher dropout rate is 46 percent over five years. Many believe that the reasons teachers leave is because of students or parents.
A new study published in the Elementary School Journal finds that the main reason new teachers leave the profession is not the insane workload or the lack of resources but, their principals.
Peter Youngs, an associate professor of education policy at Michigan State University, and Ben Pogodzinski of Wayne State University, surveyed 184 beginning teachers in Michigan and Indiana on the factors that might influence them to leave or stay in the profession. Topping the teachers’ list, the researchers found, was how well a school’s principal works with the staff.
The quality of the relationship with their principal was a stronger predictor of the teachers’ intent to remain in the profession than factors related to workloads, administrative duties, resource availability, or the frequency of professional-development opportunities.
“The focus,” he said, “would be on how principals could increase their knowledge of setting a healthy, productive school climate and understanding ways that their actions and leadership can impact new teachers’ attitudes and outcomes.”
Anyone who reads this regularly reads this blog knows that I have a friend by the name of Stephen Sroka. As you read this, you will learn more about Steve and his brilliance and willingness to share and help children. Feel free to contact him and tell him how much you have enjoyed reading this piece.
I dealt with school violence before it was fashionable and funded. To me, any child killed anywhere, anytime, is a huge tragedy. But decades ago, when children were killed in the inner city of Cleveland, you probably never heard about them. When the killings moved to suburbs such as Columbine, they became national news. The Newtown shootings shocked the U.S. like no other school violence. Now, school violence prevention is front-page news. Working with school safety for more than 30 years, I have tried to help schools and communities keep our youth safe and healthy so that they can learn more and live better. Here are several lessons that I have learned.
School violence can happen anywhere, but not here. After school shootings, I often heard “I cannot believe that it can happen here.” As we have learned, school violence can happen anywhere. But don’t be surprised after the next tragedy if someone says, “I cannot believe that it can happen here.” Denial is human.
Be prepared, not scared. Schools are not powerless. Awareness, education, and advocacy can help break down the attitude that it can’t happen here. Schools and districts need to have a school-community emergency plan of action in place for students, staff, and parents. It should be both practiced and proactive. Practice drills are crucial. Denial allows violence to grow unseen. Preparation allows violence to be dealt with as soon as it is seen.
Social media has changed how we communicate. Texts, tweets, and Facebook posts, which were not around at the time of the Columbine shootings, now offer instant information””and misinformation. Before problems occur, students need to be part of a dialogue with parents and educators about how schools can responsibly use social media to make schools safer. Social media may prove to be one of the best new tools to help keep our schools safe and parents informed, and to encourage students to take ownership of their schools and education.
Bullying is a symptom, and mental health is the issue. Bullying is a hot topic and often is blamed for many of the heinous actions that result in deaths. Bullying is serious and needs to be addressed. Some experts today do not see bullying as a cause, but rather as a symptom of a mental health problem. In fact, bullying is often mentioned as a cause for violence even when it is not, as with the Columbine shooting. Issues such as mental illness, depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, anger, family violence, and substance abuse are often at the root of such destructive behaviors.
Treat the illness, not the symptom. Many professionals would like to provide a comprehensive mental health approach for the schools, families, and community. Perhaps depression screening for all students may prove to be more helpful in identifying those at risk of hurting themselves as well as others. Some experts are now suggesting that teachers be taught mental health first aid to assist those in crisis. As we often see, hurt people hurt people; and the use of mental health professionals, such as school counselors, school social workers, school nurses, school psychologists, and school resource officers may enable us to help people help people.
Building relationships is key. We may need more metal detectors, but we must have more student detectors. The Secret Service found that school shooters usually tell other kids, but not adults. Adults trusted by kids may be given life saving information. We need to put a human face on school safety. Teaching to the heart, as well as, to the head to reach the whole child, not only academically, but also to the social, mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual dimensions, will help build a school and community of respect. Social emotional learning can help students learn in a safe environment. We often say to police officers that you have a more powerful weapon in your heart than in your holster to make your school safer. School safety needs to be built in, not tacked on. Students respond to people, not programs. You cannot mandate kindness, but you can nurture it by building relationships with communication, collaboration, cultural awareness, and caring. Words can kill, and words can give life. You choose.
When kindness fails, you need to be aggressive, forceful, and effective. An emergency plan of action needs to be in place, practiced and proactive. Teachers and students should be trained and allowed to practice lockdown drills. Parents need a low-tech and high-tech communication system for responding to school emergencies. Gone are the days of Columbine when police waited for hours to enter the school. Today police and community emergency response teams are trained for active shooter/rapid response, to take out the shooter ASAP.
Healing is personal. Schools need to be prepared to deal with the consequences of violence immediately and long after the incident. Individuals react to grief in a wide range of ways, and there is no best way to grieve. Where some people need to process the grief immediately, others need to be left alone. Grief has no specific timeline for everyone.
School safety has entered uncharted waters. When I started working in school safety decades ago, the weapon of choice for school violence was a box cutter or knife, now it is automatic weapons. What will be next? The unthinkable is now doable, and probably unpreventable. The Newtown shootings raise disturbing issues and questions. Controversial approaches, which once would have been considered ridiculous, are now being debated, such as arming teachers and having teachers and students take out the shooter by any means possible. Guns, metal detectors, mental health issues, zero tolerance, and other emotional issues make for complex and difficult decisions. A voice of reason is often lost in the heat of hysteria.
There are no guarantees, only intelligent alternatives. Today we are better prepared to deal with and prevent school violence than we were in the earlier days in Cleveland and Columbine. There still is no 100-percent guarantee that our schools will be free from violence. There are no easy solutions, but there are intelligent alternatives to reduce the risks. It’s time for all schools to explore these alternatives. For some,
Stephen Sroka, PhD, is an adjunct assistant professor at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio, and president of Health Education Consultants. He has worked on school violence issues worldwide for more than 30 years. Connect with Sroka on his website or by e-mail at [email protected].